How does Kaspa fix the sub-51% attack vulnerability in proof-of-work blockchains?

Kaspa's GHOSTDAG protocol closes a real security gap that exists in Bitcoin-style blockchains. In traditional proof-of-work chains, when two miners produce blocks at nearly the same moment, all but one are discarded — these are called orphaned blocks. That wasted work creates a loophole: an attacker doesn't actually need a full 51% of the network's hashing power to rewrite transaction history, just slightly less than what the honest miners collectively produce. GHOSTDAG removes this loophole by letting parallel blocks coexist and counting all the work they represent instead of throwing it away, so the effective attack threshold rises back to what proof-of-work is supposed to guarantee. For a beginner, this means Kaspa doesn't just match Bitcoin's theoretical security — it also addresses a known weakness in how that security plays out in practice.