What is the freeloading bound and how does it protect Kaspa?

The freeloading bound is a proven mathematical property of GHOSTDAG that strictly limits how much an attacker can benefit from honest miners' work when attempting to rewrite old transaction history. In a blockDAG, a would-be attacker might try to 'freeload' — piggybacking on blocks already produced by honest participants to make a rewriting attack cheaper. The freeloading bound, formally proven as Lemma 12 in the GHOSTDAG paper, caps the honest blocks an attacker can exploit at a fixed constant of 4k blocks. Once that ceiling is hit, honest blocks provide the attacker with no meaningful advantage and they must outpace the entire honest network on their own. For a beginner, this means that trying to undo very old Kaspa transactions quickly becomes a losing race, giving you strong confidence that confirmed transactions stay confirmed.