Why is Kaspa's security formally provable when proof-of-stake coins are not?

Kaspa's security can be formally proven because its protocol is built on simple, well-understood proof-of-work (POW) principles. Proof-of-stake (POS) is an alternative consensus method used by many blockchains — validators lock up coins rather than spending electricity — but whether a POS system can be mathematically proven secure remains an open research problem with no accepted solution yet. Because Kaspa relies only on rudimentary POW tools and sidesteps that unresolved territory, its security properties can be rigorously demonstrated. For a beginner, this means the safety guarantees Kaspa makes rest on settled science rather than assumptions that have not yet been fully tested.