How does Kaspa's design avoid state bloat?

Kaspa's L1 verifies ZK proofs rather than re-executing contract code, which eliminates the state bloat that builds up on chains where every node must re-run every computation. On most smart contract blockchains, every full node repeats every calculation to reach consensus — meaning the entire history of every contract accumulates on every machine in the network. In Kaspa's vProg design, execution happens off-chain and only a compact cryptographic proof is submitted to L1 for verification; the L1 also acts as the shared sequencer and data availability layer, so the base chain stays small. For a beginner, this means Kaspa's blockchain can remain lightweight and scalable even as more sophisticated programs run on top of it.