How does Kaspa's off-chain-on-chain architecture address gas fees?

Kaspa's L2 approach uses an off-chain-on-chain architecture that is designed to circumvent gas issues and Turing completeness constraints common to other smart contract environments. Gas fees are per-operation charges users pay on many blockchain networks to compensate validators for the computational work of running smart contracts; on busy networks these can become unpredictable and expensive. Turing completeness constraints refer to the execution limits that runtimes impose to prevent runaway programs from consuming unbounded resources. By separating where computation occurs from where results are finalized, Kaspa's architecture sidesteps both problems at the design level. For developers, this is significant because it removes two of the most common friction points when building and deploying smart contract applications.